समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय (Conjunction) वह शब्द या शब्दों का समहू है जो दो शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़ता है.
Conjunction is the word or set of words that joins two words or two sentences.
| 1. |
Two and two make four
|
| 2. |
I like to study but he likes to play.
|
| 3. |
Give the book either to me or to him after reading.
|
| 4. |
Please come home as soon as you complete your examination.
|
Conjunctions की ही तरह relative pronouns, relative adverbs और prepositions भी शब्दों या वाक्यों को जोड़ने का काम करते हैं इसलिए इन्हें अलग अलग चिन्हित करते समय सावधानी बरतना ज़रूरी है.
Relative pronouns, relative adverbs and prepositions also join words and sentences, hence care has to be taken while classifying them into the different parts of speech.
कुछ conjunctions को शब्दों के जोड़ों में प्रयुक्त किया जाता है, जैसे…
Some conjunctions are used in pairs, like this…
- Either….or
- Neither….nor
- Both….and
- Between….and
- Though….yet
- Whether….or
- Not only …. but also
इस प्रकार pairs में उपयोग किये जाने वाले conjunctions को correlative conjunctions कहते हैं.
Conjunctions used in such pairs are referred to as correlative conjunctions.
हम बहुत से compound expressions का उपयोग conjunctions की तरह करते हैं; इनको हम compound conjunctions कहते हैं.
Often we use compound expressions as conjunctions; such expressions as called compound conjunctions.
- even if
- so that
- on condition that
- as well as
- as soon as
Based on the usage of the conjunction, conjunctions can be arranged into 2 classes.
Conjunctions को दो भागों में विभाजित किया जाता है
The conjunctions are called co-ordinating conjunction if the are connecting to independent words or group of words.
जब दो स्वतंत्र शब्दों या शब्द-समूहों जो जोड़ा जाता है तब जोड़ने वाले conjunction को co-ordinating conjunction कहते हैं.
When the two words or group of words being connected by the conjunction are dependent on each other, then it is known as a subordinating conjunction.
जब जुड़ने वाले दोनों शब्द या शब्द-समूह एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर हों तब जोड़ने वाले conjunction को subordinating conjunction कहते हैं.
Type of Conjunctions (कंजंक्शन के प्रकार)
समानपदीय समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय
The conjunction that connects two independent clauses is known as a coordinating conjunction. The connected statements are of the same level.
दो स्वतंत्र या समान स्तर के दो statements को जोड़ने वाले conjunctions को co-ordinating conjunctions या समानपदीय समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय कहा जाता है. कुछ मुख्य co-ordinating conjunctions इस प्रकार हैं…
and, but, for, or, nor, also, either…or, neither…nor
Co-ordinating conjunctions are of 4 types.
Co-ordinating conjunctions चार प्रकार के होते हैं
Cumulative or Copulative – संयोजक:
These join two sentences, phrases or words.
यह केवल दो कथनों को जोड़ता है, जैसे…
| 1. |
Birds fly and fish swim.
|
| 2. |
I like to study and he likes to play.
|
Adversative – विरोधदर्शक:
This is the type of conjunction that exhibits opposition.
यह वह conjunction है जो विरोध प्रकट करे.
| 1. |
He is slow but he is sure.
|
| 2. |
I was annoyed still I kept quiet.
|
Disjunctive – विभाजक or Alternative – वैकल्पिक:
The type of conjunction that gives the sense of selecting from two options.
यह conjunction दो विकल्पों में से एक को चुनने का बोध कराता है, जैसे…
| 1. |
Run quickly else you will lose the race.
|
| 2. |
She must take the medicine or she will die.
|
Illative – परिणमदर्शक:
The conjunction that shows the result of some action.
यह किसी बात का परिणाम प्रकट करता है.
| 1. |
Something fell in the water for I heard a splash.
|
Types of Conjunctions (कंजंक्शन के प्रकार)
आश्रित समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय
A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses that depend on each other.
Subordinating conjunction दो ऐसे clauses को जोड़ता है जिसमें से एक दूसरे पर अर्थ व्यक्त करने के लिए निर्भर होता है. कुछ प्रमुख subordinating conjunctions निम्न दिये हैं…
After, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than.
Depending on the way the two clauses connect the conjunction can be classified into the following 7 categories.
अर्थ के अनुसार subordinate conjunctions निम्न 7 वर्गों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है.
Time – समय:
जो समय का बोध कराए.
That gives the indication of time.
| 1. |
I would die before I lie.
|
| 2. |
I returned home only after he had left.
|
Cause or Reason – कारण:
जो कारण बताए.
That express the cause.
| 1. |
My teeth are stronger because I clean them regularly.
|
| 2. |
Since you wish it, it will be done.
|
Purpose – उद्देश्य:
जो उद्देश्य का बोध कराए.
The indicates the purpose.
| 1. |
We eat that we may live.
|
| 2. |
I held her hand lest she should fall.
|
Result or Consequence – परिणाम:
जो परिणाम की जानकारी दे.
That indicates the result or the outcome.
| 1. |
He was so tired that he could hardly stand.
|
Condition – शर्त:
शर्त प्रस्तुत करता है.
Expresses a condition or criteria.
| 1. |
I will go if Raju comes.
|
| 2. |
Your problems cannot be solved unless you discuss them.
|
Concession – रिआयत:
रिआयत या छूट देने वाले clause को जोड़े.
That conects a clause that gives concession.
| 1. |
I will trust him although he betrayed me.
|
Comparison – तुलना:
ऐसा conjunction जो तुलना करता है.
The conjunction that compares.
| 1. |
She is smarter than I am.
|
Uses of Conjunctions
(कंजंक्शन का उप्योग)
कुछ समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय के उप्योग
Here we shall discuss some of the conjunctions and their applications.
यहाँ हम कुछ conjunctions और वाक्यों में उनके इस्तेमाल के बारे में चर्चा करेंगे.
Since, or, if, that, than, lest, while, only, except, without, because.
Since:
A. Since as from the time when
Since का उपयोग होता है उस समय जब से का बोध कराने के लिये.
| 1. |
I have working been here since I passed my exams.
|
| 2. |
I have never seen him since he married his beloved.
|
When used in this context, the verb in the preceding part must be in the perfect present tense and following by a part that has the verb in simple past tense.
जब इस संदर्भ में उपयोग होता है, इस के पहले भाग में क्रिया पूर्ण वर्तमान काल का होना चाहिये और बाद वाले वाक्य में क्रिया का रूप साधारण भूत काल का होना चाहिये.
B. Since to provide a reason, as seeing that or in as much as
since का उपयोग वजह का इजहार करने के लिये किया जाता है.
| 1. |
Since you like this, I shall give it to you.
|
| 2. |
Since I am so strong, he is afraid of me.
|
Or:
A. Or used to introduce an alternative.
or का उपयोग विकल्प पेश करने के लिये किया जाता है.
| 1. |
Study hard or you may fail.
|
| 2. |
Take this car or that one.
|
In case there are more than two alternatives then each may be preceded with an or, to present a choice between any two in the series.
जब दो से ज्यादा विकल्प पेश करना होता है तो पहले विकल्प के बाद के हर विकल्प के पहले or लगाया जाता है.
|
He is studying hard to become a doctor or an engineer or a lawyer or an industrialist.
|
B. Or is used to provide an alternative name
or का उपयोग एक वैकल्पिक नाम देने के लिये किया था.
| 1. |
The boy or lad is very good.
|
| 2. |
The United Nations or UN is an international organization.
|
C. Or when you mean otherwise
or का उपयोग अन्यता
| 1. |
The evil king must be stopped or he will kill many good citizens.
|
| 2. |
Work quickly or the work will not be completed in time.
|
D. Or is sometimes used when to imply and
कभी-कभी or का उपयोग किया जाता है और (and) की जगह पर किया जाता है.
| 1. |
He does not desire love or care.
|
If:
A. If used to connect to a condition.
if से किसी शर्त को जोड़ा जाता है.
| 1. |
I shall meet him if he is there.
|
| 2. |
He will get admission if passes the entrance test.
|
B. If used to admitting something.
if का उपयोग कुछ स्वीकरने के लिया किया जाता है.
| 1. |
If I am poor, I am honest.
|
| 2. |
If I failed, it was because I was sick.
|
C. If used to imply whether.
if का उपयोग यदि के इजहार के लिये किया जाता है.
| 1. |
I wonder if he will come.
|
| 2. |
He asked me if I would be able to complete the task.
|
D. If used to imply whenever.
if का उपयोग जब भी के इजहार के लिये किया जाता है.
|
If there is any doubt we must inquire.
|
Than:
Than is used after the adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree.
than का उपयोग उत्तरावस्था (comparative degree) में विशेषण और क्रियाविशेषण के बाद किया जाता है.
| 1. |
She works harder than him.
|
| 2. |
I know these roads better than you do.
|
Yug online classes 